By: Vitor Gaspar, Carlos Eduardo Goncalves, Marcos Poplawski-Ribeiro, IMF Decline in private lending offsets increase in public borrowing; notable differences persist across countries and income groups. Global debt has stabilized, though it remains at an elevated level, as a continued reduction in private-sector lending offset greater borrowing by governments. Total debt was little changed last year, just above 235 percent of global gross domestic product, according to the latest update of the IMF’s Global Debt Database. Private debt declined to under 143 percent of GDP, the...

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Keynote speech by Piero Cipollone, Member of the Executive Board of the ECB, at the Resilience Conference hosted by De Nederlandsche Bank At a time of digital and geopolitical disruptions, enhancing our financial sector’s resilience is critical to protect the stability and prosperity of our economy. Money is ultimately a matter of trust. That trust rests on the stability of prices, the stability of the financial system and the smooth functioning of payments that keep our economies moving every day. These...

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Dear Professor Draghi, caro Mario, Excellencies, Ladies and gentlemen, Today we mark one year since the Draghi report was released. But let me go back for a moment to two years ago, when I first called you, Mario, to propose that you embark on this new mission. I remember you were intrigued by the offer. But you set one condition. You said this new report had to make a real difference. You were not interested in writing another academic paper. You wanted...

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Paris, 15 September 2025 Speech by Christine Lagarde, President of the ECB, 'Conversations pour demain' on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of Institut Montaigne in Paris, France It is a great honour to be invited to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Institut Montaigne with you. For a quarter of a century, this institution has stood out for its independence of thought. That independence has given its work both credibility and influence. As a central banker, independence has a special...

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