Modern Artificial Intelligence (AI) models often work as opaque decision-making engines (black boxes); reaching conclusions without much transparency or explanations on how a given result is obtained. In an era where AI has become an integral part of our lives, where recruiters, healthcare providers, and other fields, rely on this tool to make decisions impacting individuals, understanding the way AI works is essential. Could Explainable Artificial Intelligence, or XAI, be a way forward, a potential solution? But, what is XAI,...

Can EU companies be both green and globally competitive? Tradeable allowances for carbon emissions set important price incentives for companies to become greener. Unfortunately, evidence shows that many companies move carbon intensive production to other regions, meaning their emissions leak abroad. This ECB Blog post investigates how the EU can strike a balance between green goals and competitiveness. One of the EU’s most powerful tools to fight climate change is the Emissions Trading System (ETS). It sets a cap on greenhouse...

Tighter financial conditions test resilience of households, firms, governments and property markets Financial markets are vulnerable to disorderly adjustments, given investment fund vulnerabilities, stretched valuations, high volatility and low liquidity Euro area banks robust to recent stress outside the euro area, but higher funding costs and lower asset quality may weigh on profitability According to the May 2023 Financial Stability Review published today by the European Central Bank (ECB), the outlook for euro area financial stability remains fragile, in the context...

Interview with Fabio Panetta, Member of the Executive Board of the ECB, conducted by Karl de Meyer| 24 May 2023 | To safeguard financial stability, we need to keep central bank money at the heart of the financial system, Executive Board member Fabio Panetta tells Les Échos as the ECB turns 25. And a digital euro would be a risk-free means of payment that Europeans can use anywhere in the euro area. As the ECB celebrates its 25th anniversary today, where...

The euro is more than a currency, says President Christine Lagarde. It is the strongest form of European integration and stands for a united Europe that works together, protecting and benefiting all its citizens. The ECB, with its commitment to price stability, will always be a cornerstone of that effort. On 1 June 1998, the European Central Bank was established to prepare for the launch of the euro – the world’s largest ever currency changeover. As a lawyer at the...

Closer ties allowed Europe to find new natural gas sources after Russia’s supply cutoff, and growing global export capacity can reduce market fragmentation. Natural gas might be the same commodity everywhere in the world, but prices can vary dramatically because of the complex network of infrastructure needed to transport it. The result is a partially fragmented global market, mainly because most natural gas moves by pipeline—unlike the market for crude oil, which is more integrated and tends to trade at...

How to handle China is a major political issue for the EU, one that is more complex than dealing with Russia. Certainly, the EU’s political and economic systems have profound differences with both Russia and China. Unlike Russia, China is a real systemic actor, approaching 20% of the world economy and growing while Russia represents around two percent and decreasing. The economic, political, and financial influence of China is considerable, and its military power continues to grow. Its ambition is...