15
Jan
Published as part of the ECB Economic Bulletin, Issue 8/2025.
Trade policy uncertainty has risen significantly in the face of higher tariffs and tariff threats, adding a new layer of complexity to assessing the global economic outlook. Shifts in tariff and trade policy, unpredictable communication and the move away from rules-based multilateralism towards bilateral leverage have heightened uncertainty for firms and investors. This has influenced sourcing, production and investment decisions, and may weigh on trade dynamics, investment and overall macroeconomic performance. Moreover,...